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Mining and mineral exploration are complex fields that rely on understanding various rock types and their properties. One such rock, often overlooked but highly significant, is carbonatite (Figure 1). This unique igneous rock plays a crucial role in mining due to its rich mineral content and industrial applications. In this article, we will delve into the nature of carbonatite, its applications, and its importance in the mining sector. Figure 1: A calcite-carbonatite from Oka complex, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canada. (source: mindat.org ) What Is Carbonatite and Why Is It Important? These rocks are typically formed from deep mantle sources and are often associated with alkaline igneous complexes. Their rarity and unique chemistry make them a focus for mining companies looking to extract strategic minerals essential for modern technologies, including electronics, renewable energy, and aerospace (Figure 3). I won't go into too much detail in this section as most of this is covered in our post on the 21st September 2025 - Carbonatites - Economic Importance and A Strategically Important Source Rock. Key Characteristics of Carbonatite: High concentration of carbonate minerals Rich in rare earth elements and niobium Often found in alkaline igneous complexes Important for strategic mineral extraction Figure 2: Close-up of carbonatite rock texture (source: WIX) Carbonatite Applications in Mining and Industry The applications of carbonatite in mining are diverse and highly valuable. Due to its mineral richness, carbonatite is mined primarily for its niobium and rare earth element content. Niobium is a critical metal used to strengthen steel alloys, which are essential in construction, automotive, and aerospace industries. Rare earth elements extracted from carbonatite deposits are vital for manufacturing magnets, batteries, and electronic devices. Practical Applications Include: Niobium Extraction - Carbonatite deposits are the primary source of niobium worldwide. The metal improves the strength and durability of steel. Rare Earth Elements (REEs) - These elements are crucial for high-tech applications such as smartphones, electric vehicles, and wind turbines. Phosphate Mining - Some carbonatite complexes contain significant phosphate deposits used in fertilizers. Industrial Minerals - Calcite and dolomite from carbonatite are used in cement production and as soil conditioners Mining companies often target carbonatite complexes because they offer multiple valuable resources in one location, reducing operational costs and environmental impact. Figure 3: The Särkijärvi Carbonatite Mine main pit seen from southern end of the mine in April 2016. The Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex is located in central Finland close to the city of Kuopio.The current production is roughly 11 Mt of ore per year, while the average in situ grade is 4.0 wt-% of P2O5.[6] Roughly 85% of the apatite concentrate is processed on-site in Siilinjärvi to produce phosphoric acid and fertilisers (source: Wikipedia and Photo is by kallerna - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0 ) Is Carbonatite Mafic or Felsic? Understanding whether carbonatite is mafic or felsic helps geologists classify it and predict its mineral content (Figure 4). Mafic rocks are rich in magnesium and iron, while felsic rocks contain more silica and lighter elements like aluminum and potassium. Figure 4: Carbonatite classifications according to (a) IUGS based on wt.% (Le Maitre 2002) and (b) Gittins and Harmer (1997) based on molar proportions. C/CMF is the molar ratio of CaO/[CaO + MgO + FeO* + MnO]; FeO* expressed as molar FeO if both FeO and Fe2O3 are determined. From Simandl, G. J., & Paradis, S. (2018). (source: https://www.alexstrekeisen.it/english/pluto/carbonatites.php ) Carbonatite does not fit neatly into either category because it is dominated by carbonate minerals rather than silicates. However, it is often associated with alkaline igneous rocks, which tend to be more felsic in composition. The unique chemistry of carbonatite means it is classified separately from typical mafic or felsic rocks. This distinction is important for mining exploration because it influences the types of minerals that can be expected in the deposit. For example, carbonatite complexes often host niobium and rare earth elements, which are not commonly found in typical mafic or felsic rocks. How Carbonatite Deposits Are Explored and Mined Exploring carbonatite deposits requires specialized geological techniques due to their unique mineralogy and formation processes. The basic methodology that are used is the same for all minerals except that the pathfinders will be different. Hence methods such as the use geophysical surveys, geochemical sampling, and drilling are used. Exploration Techniques: Geophysical Surveys : Magnetic and gravity surveys help detect the dense, mineral-rich carbonatite bodies beneath the surface. Geochemical Sampling : Soil and rock samples are analyzed for elevated levels of niobium, rare earth elements, and phosphate. Drilling : Core drilling provides detailed information about the deposit’s size, grade, and mineral distribution. Once a deposit is confirmed, mining methods depend on the depth and size of the carbonatite body. Open-pit mining is common for near-surface deposits, while underground mining may be necessary for deeper ore bodies. Mining Process: Extraction - Removing the ore from the ground using heavy machinery. Crushing and Grinding - Breaking down the ore to liberate valuable minerals. Concentration - Using flotation or magnetic separation to concentrate niobium and rare earth minerals. Refining - Processing concentrates to produce pure metals or compounds. Efficient mining and processing of carbonatite deposits require careful environmental management to minimize impacts such as dust, water contamination, and habitat disruption. Future Trends and Innovations in Carbonatite Mining The demand for minerals found in carbonatite deposits is expected to grow significantly due to the global shift towards clean energy and advanced technologies. This trend drives innovation in exploration, mining, and processing techniques. Emerging Trends: Sustainable Mining Practices : Emphasizing reduced environmental footprint and community engagement. Advanced Geophysical Tools : Using drones and 3D imaging to improve exploration accuracy. Improved Processing Technologies : Developing more efficient methods to extract rare earth elements and niobium with less waste. Recycling and Circular Economy : Integrating recycled materials to reduce reliance on primary mining. Companies investing in the search for carbonatites and the subsequent mining are exploring partnerships with technology firms to develop new applications for the minerals extracted, such as in battery technology and green hydrogen production. Understanding the role of carbonatite in mining reveals its critical importance in supplying minerals essential for modern life. From niobium to rare earth elements, this unique rock type supports industries that drive innovation and sustainability worldwide. As exploration and mining technologies advance, carbonatite deposits will continue to be a valuable resource for the future. Samso Comments This Samso Insight is a simplistic take on what the upcoming narrative for the Mineral exploration industry on the ASX. The search for carbonatites has never been on the radar for as long as I have been in this industry, and that is now over 30 years. I had a fascination with carbonatites when I was in undergraduate studies, but I had never come across headlines till the recent discoveries by WA1 Resources Limited (ASX: WA1) and Encounter Resources Limited (ASX: ENR). As outlined above, the applications of the minerals found in carbonatites are very industrial; one would have thought that they are sought after, but it is only the recent rise of "critical minerals" that the limelight has started to shine. While the content of this blog is meant to be simple, readers need to remember that like all deposits, there are a lot of complexities and all carbonatites are not the same. The hybrid nature of carbonatites are typical of any geological concepts, where it be porphyries, BIF-hosted, VMS, IOCG, Intrusive-Related Gold Systems, Orogenic Gold Systems...etc Jon Hronsky has kindly sent me Figure 5 below to demonstrate the complexities of Carbonatites. Figure 5: The different types of Carbonatites in drill core. (source: Jon Hronsky) The different types will host or not host different metals and endowments. A good example of a company that is going through this phase of figuring out the different potential of carbonates is Encounter Resources Limited (ASX: ENR). I have listed below some of the content we have done in Samso News below: Encounter Resources—High-Grade Niobium and Shallow REE Extend >1 km East of Green MRE (Aileron, West Arunta) - Rare Earth rich Carbonatites Encounter Resources delivers highest-grade niobium yet at Green, building the high-grade Niobium core at Aileron (West Arunta) - Establishing the World Class Carbonatite Province High-Grade Niobium–REE Zone Discovered 500m East of Crean Investors in the ASX should take more care to understand the fundamentals to position themselves for the coming decades. I do feel that the headlines of mining are now taking a greater emphasis in global discussion as we enter a new era for the human species. The greater need to have cleaner energy and to "save the planet" is now realising that mining is the only saviour. The one-and-off love relationship with the so-called "evil" mining sector is slowing down as more people are realising that to have those benefits, you have to do mining. The geopolitics of 2025 and beyond are not overriding the "green" old-fashioned thinking of "Not In My Backyard" and the irresponsible thinking that renewable energy is actually clean will start to face. The search for the "other" source of minerals will have to take centre stage, and rocks such as carbonatites will have an important place in the future cleaner energy world. The Samso Way – Seek the Research Always understand the geology, the process, and the numbers behind the story. Our mission is simple:  cut through the noise and spotlight what matters—genuine stories, grounded insights, and real opportunity. Our content is well-researched and is only created if the team sees a merit in discussing the company or concept. Investors can explore our three core platforms:  Coffee with Samso Samso Insights Samso News There may be numerous paths to success in investing, but the common thread among successful individuals is that they remain committed to making informed decisions. Equip yourself with the right knowledge and tools, and you will be well on your way to achieving your financial goals. Most importantly, investors need to be absolutely diligent in understanding their own risk-reward tolerance and capabilities. Never bite off more than you can chew. As they say, Rome wasn’t built in a day, and the Great Wall stood because it took centuries to complete. The Samso Philosophy: Stay curious. Stay sharp. And remember—digging deeper always uncovers the real value. In Life, there is no such thing as a Free Lunch. Happy Investing, and the only four-letter word you need to know is DYOR . To support our independent nature of our work, please head over to our Support Page  and give us a helping hand in any of the ways listed. This is a new initiate for the Samso Platform, and it was always the concept of Samso when we started this journey in 2018. Disclaimer The information or opinions provided herein do not constitute investment advice, an offer or solicitation to subscribe for, purchase or sell the investment product(s) mentioned herein. It does not take into consideration, nor have any regard to your specific investment objectives, financial situation, risk profile, tax position and particular, or unique needs and constraints. Read full Disclaimer.   Share to Grow: Your Bonus Samso has just released an eBook: How to Add Value to your Share Portfolio A lesson on geological models sought by mining companies that gives insight and an understanding of which portfolios are better - and potentially more lucrative – investments.   Click  here to download this eBook . Download eBook If you find this article informative and useful, please help me share the information.  I try and write about topics that are interesting and have the potential to be of investment value.  It is not easy to find stories that fit those parameters. If you or your organisation see the benefit of what Samso is trying to achieve and have a need to share your journey, please contact me at noel.ong@samso.com.au . About Samso Samso  is a trusted platform that equips dedicated investors with up-to-date industry knowledge and insights from top CEOs and thought leaders. By staying informed on business advancements and market trends, investors can enhance their financial decisions through a combination of expert guidance and their own research.

Based on the multidisciplinary study undertaken by CSIRO and OD6 Metals A Landscape Built for Rare Earth Element Discovery The Splinter Rock clay-hosted REE prospect, located northeast of Esperance within the east Albany–Fraser Orogen in Western Australia, has emerged as one of the most scientifically compelling regolith-hosted REE systems in the country (Figure 1). A multidisciplinary study led by CSIRO has produced the first integrated geological, geophysical, mineralogical, and geochemical characterisation of this emerging clay-hosted REE district. The research addresses the fundamental question: 1.      How do REEs concentrate within the deep weathering profiles of Southern WA 2.      What does this mean for future economic extraction?   Figure 1: Simplified geology map of the east Albany–Fraser Orogen showing the Splinter Rock project area (source: Ore Geology Reviews Volume 186, November 2025, 106929) What stands out is the scientific rigour placed on decoding the regolith architecture, clay mineral distribution, palaeo-valley development, and REE-hosting mineral phases—all necessary precursors to understanding true clay-hosted REE potential.   The Business of the Prospect: Why Splinter Rock Matters In the Clay-Hosted REE System Splinter Rock sits within a highly weathered terrain shaped by long-term tectonic uplift, prolonged weathering, and episodic marine transgressions. The geological context presents a unique combination of: REE-fertile Booanya Suite source granites Deep, clay-rich palaeo-valleys acting as natural traps for weathered materials Well-developed saprolite horizons enriched in kaolinite and secondary REE minerals A regolith profile thick enough to host meaningful accumulations of TREO This regolith-dominated system is fundamentally different from hard-rock REE systems. Its behaviour, mineralogy, and extraction implications require a precise understanding of the weathering sequence, mineral hosts, and mobility of REEs over geological time. Figure 2  demonstrates the basement geological framework, showing Splinter Rock aligned with Booanya Suite intrusions and major shear zones of the east Albany–Fraser Orogen—a structural and lithological setting well suited for developing REE-enriched weathering profiles. Figure 2: Basement geology, structural setting, and project location (source: Ore Geology Reviews Volume 186, November 2025, 106929)   Highlights: What the Multidisciplinary Study Reveals (Key Findings) 1. A Well-Defined Four-Layer Regolith Model The study identifies a consistent, mappable vertical sequence across the project: Layer 1:  Upper transported cover — sands, clay, calcrete Layer 2:  High-conductivity transported clays, including the black clay unit, where present Layer 3:   Saprolite  — the primary REE-rich zone Layer 4:   Saprock  — less weathered basement transitioning to fresh granite This model comes directly from integrating AEM conductivity layering, downhole geochemistry, and hyperspectral mineralogy, and is clearly illustrated in the schematic regolith stratigraphy (Figure 3). Figure 3: Regolith Layers and Landforms at Splinter Rock (source: Ore Geology Reviews Volume 186, November 2025, 106929) 2. AEM Geophysics Maps the Palaeo-Valleys Controlling REE Distribution Electromagnetic (AEM) data clearly delineate deep palaeo-valleys containing thick conductive clay sequences—key hosts of REE-enriched saprolite: The thickest clay packages occur to the south-east . The conductivity layering correlates strongly with regolith stratigraphy. Layer 3 (saprolite) maps precisely to where TREOY grades peak (Figure 4). Figure 4: Thickness of the saprolite (Layer 3) interpreted from AEM (source: Ore Geology Reviews Volume 186, November 2025, 106929) The highest TREOY concentrations consistently occur within the saprolite, just above the saprock. To see how this looks in a section, Figure 5 takes a slice through the Centre prospect. The AEM conductivity profile maps the layered regolith architecture from transported cover down into saprolite and saprock, with the strongest REE grades sitting neatly in the saprolite horizon just above the basement. Figure 5: AEM conductivity cross-section across the Centre prospect, showing layered regolith and TREOY distribution (source: Ore Geology Reviews Volume 186, November 2025, 106929) 3. Mineralogical Work Confirms REE-Hosting Phases, Not Ion-Adsorbed Clays Contrary to Chinese-style ion-adsorption deposits, Splinter Rock (Figure 6) shows: REE-phosphate minerals (rhabdophane/monazite) increasing with depth Al-REE phosphates (e.g., Ce-florencite) in upper saprolite Minor REE-fluorocarbonates (e.g., parisite/synchysite) No strong evidence of significant ion-adsorbed REEs This has major implications for leaching behaviour , processing routes, and economic potential. Figure 6: SEM images of REE phosphates and fluorocarbonates (source: Ore Geology Reviews Volume 186, November 2025, 106929)   4. Geochemistry Confirms Saprolite as the True REE Host Key chemical signatures include: TREOY up to 6600 ppm  directly above saprock Strong correlation between kaolinite crystallinity and REE enrichment Potassium spikes marking the saprolite–saprock boundary Black clay layers possessing very high TOC and S , indicating a transported, estuarine influence (Figure 7) Together, these create a strong decision-making framework for differentiating economic saprolite vs. non-economic transported cover . Figures 7: Drill hole SRAC0220 intersected the black clay layer at the Centre prospect (source: Ore Geology Reviews Volume 186, November 2025, 106929) In areas where the black clay horizon is missing (Figure 8), everything below the sandy cover transitions straight into a clay-dominated profile, with colours shifting from orange–red through to darker grey tones. Figures 8: Drill hole SRAC0226 in the Centre prospect without the black clay layer (source: Ore Geology Reviews Volume 186, November 2025, 106929)   5. A Complete Regolith Evolution Model for Exploration Targeting The study reconstructs the geological weathering and palaeo-environmental history (Mesoproterozoic → present), showing: Granite emplacement Deep weathering in Mesozoic humid conditions Eocene valley incision Marine transgression and organic-rich sedimentation Miocene aridification and saline groundwater development In simple terms, the work shows how REEs have moved through the landscape and ended up concentrated in the saprolite. The block model (Figure 9) and AEM data back this up by mapping out the old valleys, where the cover gets thicker in the lowlands, and the geology lines up with what the drill holes are actually hitting in the ground. Figure 9: Block diagram of erosional vs. depositional regimes (source: Ore Geology Reviews Volume 186, November 2025, 106929)   Samso Take: Interpreting the Science Behind Splinter Rock This work gives us much more confidence that the Splinter Rock REE story is not guesswork but grounded in solid science. The system is now described in a way that explorers and investors can actually hang their hat on. The study outlines a project where: • The source rocks are clearly defined • The key mineral hosts are identified • The regolith processes are mapped out • The palaeo-valleys hang together structurally • The saprolite is confirmed as the main enrichment horizon For an emerging clay-hosted REE province in Western Australia, this level of detail is not common. It puts OD6 and its scientific partners a step ahead of the usual early-stage regolith REE stories. About The Splinter Rock clay-hosted REE Prospect (Western Australia) The Splinter Rock prospect sits in a deeply weathered granitic terrain where the regolith has been stripped, reworked, and infilled over a long period of time. The profile steps down from thin or absent cover on the higher granitic areas into thicker clay-dominated sequences developed along palaeo-valleys. Figure 3 illustrates the schematic regolith stratigraphy along a SE–NW transect at Splinter Rock, showing how the transported cover, saprolite, and saprock stack up across the granitic terrain and where the key REE-hosting horizons sit in that profile. The saprolite consistently delivers the highest TREOY grades, making it the primary exploration and processing focus. Figure 10  helps put this into a map view, showing how the different soil types and regolith regimes are distributed across the project area and where the key prospects sit along those trends. The simplified regolith-regime map highlights the transition from erosional highs into depositional lowlands, which is where the thicker clay packages — and the better-developed saprolite — are most likely to occur. Figure 10: Soil classification and simplified regolith-regime map for the Splinter Rock project area (source: Ore Geology Reviews Volume 186, November 2025, 106929)     Near-Term Milestones to Watch Based on this work, the next phase is less about “finding” Splinter Rock and more about proving how it can work in practice. The value now sits in tightening up the mineralogy, the leach response, and the scale of the system. Mineralogical refinement o    Pin down the balance between monazite and rhabdophane in the REE phosphates o    Work out how much of the REE inventory sits in primary vs. secondary phases Leachability testing o    Test how these REE-hosting minerals actually respond to leaching o    Use those results to see which processing routes are realistic and which are not Regolith model expansion o    Push the AEM + geochemistry framework out across more of the tenement o    Check that the four-layer regolith model and saprolite focus hold up at scale Palaeo-valley targeting o    Drill deeper into the SE palaeo-valley zones highlighted as thicker and more prospective o    Confirm continuity of saprolite-hosted TREOY along those valley trends These steps will ultimately decide whether Splinter Rock can move from being a technically impressive clay-hosted REE system on paper to a project that is scalable and economically defensible in the real world.   How Samso Understands the Investment Memo for Splinter Rock From where I sit, Splinter Rock looks less like a blue-sky story and more like a technically advanced regolith-hosted REE system that has already done a lot of the hard geological work. It is backed by credible, multi-disciplinary science rather than just a few good drill intervals and a slide deck. The project benefits from: Confirmed REE mineral hosts  – we know where the REEs sit and in what minerals, not just that they are “in the clays”. Strong geological controls  – the link to Booanya Suite granites, palaeo-valleys, and saprolite development is now well defined. Saprolite-based enrichment rather than guesswork in the cover  – the highest TREOY sits in a clear, mappable horizon. Clear exploration vectors – AEM, regolith mapping, and geochemistry all point to how and where to grow the system. A depth of geological data that is well ahead of most REE juniors  – particularly in the regolith-hosted space. For me, the question at Splinter Rock is no longer “Is there a system here?” – the geology says there is. The real task now is to show that the REE mineral hosts can be leached and processed in a way that stacks up economically and environmentally.   Samso Concluding Comments For me, one of the most important outcomes of this work at Splinter Rock is that it takes a lot of the guesswork out of the clay-hosted REE story. Many regolith REE narratives are built on limited data and broad assumptions, but here the integration of AEM, hyperspectral logging, SEM, XRD, and detailed geochemistry creates a coherent picture of how the system works from surface down to saprock. That moves Splinter Rock out of the realm of “interesting anomaly” and into the category of a system that is genuinely understood in three dimensions. The confirmation that REEs are largely hosted in secondary phosphates and minor fluorocarbonates, rather than being dominantly ion-adsorbed on clays, is a critical distinction. Western Australia does not share the same climatic and weathering history as the classic Chinese ion-adsorption districts, and this study reinforces that point. The long-lived weathering history, changes in groundwater, and evolving redox conditions all appear to have pushed the system towards more stable mineral hosts over time. That is a different processing challenge, but at least the mineralogical reality is now on the table rather than assumed. The palaeo-valley framework and regolith architecture emerging from the AEM and mapping work also give Splinter Rock a strong geomorphic and structural context. Instead of isolated high-grade intervals with uncertain continuity, the project is now framed within an interpreted network of incised, granite-sourced valleys infilled with transported and residual clays. That kind of model is what allows explorers to think about scale, repeatability, and where to place the next dollar of drilling with more confidence, rather than chasing spotty geochemical highs. In the end, this study should be seen as a starting platform, not a final answer. Science has done its job in defining the architecture, the mineral hosts, and the key controls on REE distribution. The focus now has to shift towards metallurgical testwork, leachability studies, and an honest assessment of deleterious elements and processing complexity. If the REE-bearing phases at Splinter Rock respond favourably to leaching and the project can demonstrate a technically and environmentally defensible flowsheet, then this body of work will have laid the groundwork for a credible development story. If not, it will still stand as a reference model for how to properly characterise a clay-hosted REE system in Western Australia—something the broader industry can learn from.   References: Reid, N., Thorne, R. L., Iglesias-Martinez, M., Lampinen, H. M., Davis, A., Bamforth, T. G., Spaggiari, C., Fan, R., Webster, N. A., Pinchand, T., Cribb, B., & Hazelden, B. (2025). Multi-disciplinary characterisation of the splinter rock clay-hosted REE prospect, Western Australia. Ore Geology Reviews, 186, 106929 ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106929 ) The Samso Way — Seek the Research Every REE project has a story; Splinter Rock now has the science to back it. Our mission is simple:  cut through the noise and spotlight what matters—genuine stories, grounded insights, and real opportunity. Our content is well-researched and is only created if the team sees merit in discussing the company or concept. Investors can explore our three core platforms:  Coffee with Samso Samso Insights Samso News There may be numerous paths to success in investing, but the common thread among successful individuals is that they remain committed to making informed decisions. Equip yourself with the right knowledge and tools, and you will be well on your way to achieving your financial goals. Most importantly, investors need to be absolutely diligent in understanding their own risk-reward tolerance and capabilities. Never bite off more than you can chew. As they say, Rome wasn’t built in a day, and the Great Wall stood because it took centuries to complete. The Samso Philosophy: Stay curious. Stay sharp. And remember—digging deeper always uncovers the real value. In Life, there is no such thing as a Free Lunch. Happy Investing, and the only four-letter word you need to know is DYOR . To support our independent nature of our work, please head over to our Support Page  and give us a helping hand in any of the ways listed. This is a new initiate for the Samso Platform, and it was always the concept of Samso when we started this journey in 2018. Disclaimer The information or opinions provided herein do not constitute investment advice, an offer or solicitation to subscribe for, purchase or sell the investment product(s) mentioned herein. It does not take into consideration, nor have any regard to your specific investment objectives, financial situation, risk profile, tax position and particular, or unique needs and constraints. Read full Disclaimer.   Share to Grow: Your Bonus Samso has just released an eBook: How to Add Value to your Share Portfolio A lesson on geological models sought by mining companies that gives insight and an understanding of which portfolios are better - and potentially more lucrative – investments.   Click  here to download this eBook . Download eBook If you find this article informative and useful, please help me share the information.  I try and write about topics that are interesting and have the potential to be of investment value.  It is not easy to find stories that fit those parameters. If you or your organisation see the benefit of what Samso is trying to achieve and have a need to share your journey, please contact me at noel.ong@samso.com.au . About Samso Samso  is a trusted platform that equips dedicated investors with up-to-date industry knowledge and insights from top CEOs and thought leaders. By staying informed on business advancements and market trends, investors can enhance their financial decisions through a combination of expert guidance and their own research.

Announcement Pure Secures Strategic Funding Facility to Support Growth 21 October 2025 ( click here to view the announcement ) Pure and AMQ to Assemble ZE Vehicles in Australia 29 October 2025 ( click here to view the announcement ) Pure Hydrogen Corporation Limited (ASX: PH2)  has released two important ASX announcements outlining a step-change in its strategic positioning across Australia’s zero-emission (ZE) vehicle and clean mobility sector.  The first update (29 October 2025) details a new collaboration between Pure’s subsidiary, Pure One Operations, and Advanced Manufacturing Queensland (AMQ) to begin assembling hydrogen fuel-cell trucks and the Ford F-150 Lightning locally in Brisbane.  The second update (21 October 2025) confirms that Pure Hydrogen has secured a $2.5 million loan facility to support its growing sales pipeline and vehicle rollout commitments.  Together, these announcements reinforce Pure Hydrogen’s expanding footprint in Australia’s clean mobility landscape. The Business of the Company: Focus – Hydrogen - Projects Pure Hydrogen is developing an integrated portfolio that covers: Zero-Emission trucks and light commercial vehicles Hydrogen fuel supply solutions Localised assembly capacity through strategic partnerships A pipeline of clean mobility infrastructure across Australia Supporting energy projects, including natural gas assets in Australia and Botswana   Highlights – Strategic Manufacturing Partnership with AMQ (29 October 2025) Pure One Operations × Advanced Manufacturing Queensland (AMQ) Pure One has signed a Term Sheet with AMQ, enabling local assembly and integration  of hydrogen fuel-cell trucks at AMQ’s Brisbane facility (Figure 1). Figure 1: AMQ Facility – Zero-Emission Vehicle Assembly Area (source: PH2) The collaboration includes integrating hydrogen components ,  vehicle assembly , and  shared value in vehicle sales . Pure One retains control of pricing strategy  and customer relationships —a key long-term competitive advantage. The partnership enables Pure to sell the Ford F-150 Lightning , expanding its ZE vehicle offering and revenue channels (Figure 2). Figure 2: Ford F-150 Lightning – in Field Operation (Pilbara) (source: PH2) AMQ brings advanced manufacturing capability aligned with the Federal Government’s Future Made in Australia strategy . Both companies will explore additional commercial opportunities  across the zero-emission mobility sector. A binding agreement is expected early 2026 . Highlights – Funding Facility to Support Growth Pipeline (21 October 2025) $2.5 million Strategic Loan Facility Secured Pure Hydrogen has executed a $2.5 million loan facility  with Gam Company Pty Ltd. The facility provides working capital flexibility  to accelerate ZE vehicle deliveries and customer contracts. Supports the Company’s in-build vehicle fleet , including multi-vehicle orders across industrial and construction sectors. Loan terms include: Eight-month duration 15% annual interest , payable pro rata 28 million options exercisable at $0.13 , with a three-year expiry First-ranking security  over Pure’s assets Early repayment allowed with no penalty Enables continuity in delivery schedules while longer-term funding strategies are developed.   Leadership Commentary Pure Hydrogen Managing Director, Mr Scott Brown , commented: “This collaboration transforms how we approach zero-emission transport in Australia. By integrating assembly capabilities locally through AMQ, we gain the ability to scale production, innovate across vehicle platforms, and maintain full control over customer relationships and pricing strategy, reinforcing our long-term growth potential. Beyond production, this partnership unlocks broader strategic opportunities. It strengthens our domestic presence and establishes a foundation for future expansion. Local assembly is a game-changing capability that will underpin our vision of delivering zero-emission transport solutions across Australia and internationally. We look forward to working with AMQ to spearhead the next phase of growth in Australia’s clean energy vehicle sector.”   Advanced Manufacturing Queensland (AMQ) Managing Director, Mr Edward Kocwa,  added: “AMQ is driving the future of clean mobility in Australia. From the F-150 Lightning to our Hyundai remanufacturing program, this partnership with Pure One demonstrates how we can add value through local manufacturing and deliver worldclass zero-emission vehicles, which also aligns with the Federal Government’s Future Made in Australia strategy. We’re pleased to partner with Pure One to support the growth of zero-emission transport in Australia, and this collaboration aligns perfectly with our mission to bring world-class manufacturing capability back to Australian soil.”   About the Project (Australia – Zero-Emission Mobility Platform) Pure Hydrogen’s ZE mobility initiative integrates: Hydrogen fuel-cell trucks , purpose-built for industrial logistics Battery-electric platforms , including the Ford F-150 Lightning Strategic assembly and integration capability  via AMQ Domestic and US sales channels  supported by multi-vehicle order interest Supporting energy infrastructure , including hydrogen production and supply solutions   Near-Term Milestones to Watch Finalisation of a binding AMQ assembly agreement  (expected early 2026). Continued delivery of hydrogen fuel-cell trucks and ZE vehicles  to customers nationwide. Deployment of additional F-150 Lightning vehicles  into commercial fleets. Expansion of domestic ZE mobility infrastructure , including refuelling capability. Progress on follow-up US orders  under existing sales and distribution agreements. Ongoing development of hydrogen supply frameworks  to support fleet rollout.   How Samso Understands the Investment Memo for the Company Pure Hydrogen’s announcements highlight two clear investment trends: Local capability is becoming central to Australia’s ZE vehicle supply chain. The AMQ partnership gives Pure an early-mover advantage in domestic assembly. Financial flexibility is critical during the scale-up phase. The loan facility provides Pure with the liquidity required to maintain delivery momentum. A broader commercial footprint is emerging. The ability to sell, assemble, and service multiple ZE platforms—both HFC and BEV—positions Pure as a multi-channel provider. Strategic positioning is strengthening against international competitors. Local manufacturing capability is a defensible long-term differentiator.   Samso Concluding Comments The combined impact of these two updates is more significant than it may appear on the surface. Pure Hydrogen is not only improving its ability to deliver vehicles—it is structurally embedding itself inside Australia’s emerging clean mobility value chain. Local assembly creates a long-term ecosystem advantage, particularly in fleet markets where serviceability, reliability, and cost control matter. The Company’s decision to retain pricing strategy and customer relationships hints at a deliberate focus on building brand equity alongside market share. These choices are important for any company transitioning from technology rollout into commercial maturity. The funding facility, while modest in size, plays a crucial role in ensuring continuity. Maintaining delivery momentum is essential in early-stage commercialisation cycles, especially where customer confidence is directly tied to execution capability. Taking both announcements together, Pure Hydrogen appears to be moving toward a more vertically integrated business model. This could enable the company to capture value at multiple points across the ZE vehicle supply chain while positioning itself strongly for future industry consolidation.   The Samso Way – Seek the Research At Samso, we always encourage investors to look beyond the headlines and understand the underlying strategy.   Our mission is simple:  cut through the noise and spotlight what matters—genuine stories, grounded insights, and real opportunity. Our content is well-researched and is only created if the team sees merit in discussing the company or concept. Investors can explore our three core platforms:  Coffee with Samso Samso Insights Samso News There may be numerous paths to success in investing, but the common thread among successful individuals is that they remain committed to making informed decisions. Equip yourself with the right knowledge and tools, and you will be well on your way to achieving your financial goals. Most importantly, investors need to be absolutely diligent in understanding their own risk-reward tolerance and capabilities. Never bite off more than you can chew. As they say, Rome wasn’t built in a day, and the Great Wall stood because it took centuries to complete. The Samso Philosophy: Stay curious. Stay sharp. And remember—digging deeper always uncovers the real value. In Life, there is no such thing as a Free Lunch. Happy Investing, and the only four-letter word you need to know is DYOR . To support our independent nature of our work, please head over to our Support Page  and give us a helping hand in any of the ways listed. This is a new initiate for the Samso Platform, and it was always the concept of Samso when we started this journey in 2018. Disclaimer The information or opinions provided herein do not constitute investment advice, an offer or solicitation to subscribe for, purchase or sell the investment product(s) mentioned herein. It does not take into consideration, nor have any regard to your specific investment objectives, financial situation, risk profile, tax position and particular, or unique needs and constraints. Read full Disclaimer.   Share to Grow: Your Bonus Samso has just released an eBook: How to Add Value to your Share Portfolio A lesson on geological models sought by mining companies that gives insight and an understanding of which portfolios are better - and potentially more lucrative – investments.   Click  here to download this eBook . Download eBook If you find this article informative and useful, please help me share the information.  I try and write about topics that are interesting and have the potential to be of investment value.  It is not easy to find stories that fit those parameters. If you or your organisation see the benefit of what Samso is trying to achieve and have a need to share your journey, please contact me at noel.ong@samso.com.au . About Samso Samso  is a trusted platform that equips dedicated investors with up-to-date industry knowledge and insights from top CEOs and thought leaders. By staying informed on business advancements and market trends, investors can enhance their financial decisions through a combination of expert guidance and their own research.

Discover stock market insights with Samso. Explore ASX company trends and insights through engaging interviews and research. Samso's Services Sit Down with Samso to Make Your Mark on the Market The Ultimate Samso Expereince Samso News Samso Insights Video Updates Corporate Membership Download our brochure Samso offers your company a selection of unique digital investor relations formats to reach and influence the market players who matter. In relaxed conversations with Samso’s industry veteran and knowledgeable ASX insider Noel Ong, your senior management can discuss industry trends and market insights to pique the interest of potential investors and create a solid, effective marketplace presence. These conversations appear on Samso’s website, YouTube and other leading digital platforms for unrivalled global reach. Audience Reach Samso’s Proactive Partnership sees 100,000 unique visits every day; 2 million page impressions per month from Twitter alone; and more than 10,000 corporate IPs identified every day. Proactive had over 40 million views on their platform in 2024 alone. Global Readership is: 40% UK, Switzerland, Germany and France; 40% Canada and United States; and 20% Australia and Southeast Asia. Distribution has Twitter Partnerships giving over 10,000 followers; LinkedIn with over 2,000 followers; and distribution to local networks in Southeast network. Platforms Coffee with Samso produces engaging dialogues videoed in a live coffee shop setting for discussion of your company’s strategies and projects in a sincere and authentic manner, pitched at the understanding of an average investor. In addition, Samso Insights are deep insights created from thought leaders that may impact ASX companies and business successes. The Ultimate Samso Experience Package Theis a one stop shop for creating Organic content that is Relevant, Recent and Repetitive. Coffee with Samso - an in-depth discussion on your company status and strategy for your commodity and project. Samso News - A new product for Samso where we create an organic blog to discuss and explain company ASX news release. Samso Updates (Zoom Interview – Updates) for the next two months (one per month, or as you require). Distribution of content via all social media platforms. Creating relevant Video Slides that is direct and carries a specific message. Samso News Samso News An Organic blog style format to discuss and highlight the narrative of an ASX Announcement. ASX news releases are predominantly written in a very technical style as a result of regulatory requirements and the nature of industry specific information. Samso News is created to help reduce the technical and regulatory format and allow readers an easier path to understanding all the potential questions that come with these ASX announcements. Video Updates Video Updates An Organic blog style format to discuss and highlight the narrative of an ASX Announcement. ASX news releases are predominantly written in a very technical style as a result of regulatory requirements and the nature of industry specific information. Samso News is created to help reduce the technical and regulatory format and allow readers an easier path to understanding all the potential questions that come with these ASX announcements. Contact Us Download our brochure

Discover investment insights with Samso Australia. Explore ASX company trends and opportunities. Samso Creates Independent Content for Investors We create independent compelling stories and content, giving real insights from business leaders of ASX companies and private businesses that matter to you. For ASX Companies Samso is all about getting good stories out to the investing community. Our vision is to look for company stories that is unique in the market and is in need for a discussion. As retail investors, the Samso community seeks an understanding of why your company is an investment opportunity. Our investing community is also seeking to learn about the management team that is driving the companies they are looking as an investment. For Investors Samso is a renowned resource to learn about insights into the companies and business trends that matter. You get a good understanding of current industry knowledge and developments across a variety of business sectors by listening to industry leaders themselves. This is an opportunity for you to get engaged with the companies you are interested in. Check out latest stories Samso Insights Latest Samso stories and insights. Don't miss a beat. Remember to subscribe. Free Subscriptions Coffee With Samso Samso News Samso Insights Exploration Discovery Series Xstate Resources - Diona-1 Operations Update - All About the Gas Encounter Resources delivers highest-grade niobium yet at Green, building the high-grade Niobium core at Aileron (West Arunta) - Establishing the World Class Carbonatite Province Algorae Pharmaceuticals signs binding term sheet with Cadila for Australian & New Zealand generics - Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders E79 Gold: Mountain Home Copper–Gold, NT— High-Grade Rock Chips Expand Prospective Footprint - Test a potential new Copper-Gold Mineral System. Tronox Joins Lion Rock: 5% Cornerstone to Accelerate Minta (Rutile + Monazite) TrivarX - Stabl-Im™ and the Race to Earlier, Safer Brain-Cancer Imaging - Neurological Diagnostics 1 2 3 4 5 latest stories Free eBook Investing in the Future About Samso Australia Samso content creation services enable the investing communities to access a variety of business sectors to build valuable understandings with companies and their projects its series of compelling online interviews and insights. Check out interviews with these industry leaders. Industry 01 Metals & Mining Industry 02 Media & Technology Industry 03 Healthcare Industry 04 Renewable Energy Industry 05 Industrial & Business Services Industry 06 Financial Services 208 Coffee with Samso 200+ Insights 100% Business Confidence Newsroom News Subscribe to Samso

Discover the latest with Samso News: Your source for engaging investment insights and ASX updates. Explore Samso's stories today. News Samso's Newsroom A Recap Samso's Weekly Thoughts. Welcome to our weekly distribution of Samso News. We have had a busy week as we transition now to posting at least one Samso News per day. As we have been saying, Samso in 2025, is all about transitioning into an independent space and we will continue to increase our coverage with a move into all things AI in the coming weeks. May 23 2 min read Samso News - Weekly Thoughts. Samso News is all about Making News Simple. Our strategy is now to make the Samso platform a one-stop shop for companies and potential investors to come and find independent and balanced insights on ASX stories. May 16 2 min read Samso launches Samso News - Making News Simple. Samso News is all about Making News Simple. Our strategy is now to make the Samso platform a one-stop shop for companies and potential investors to come and find independent and balanced insights on ASX stories. May 4 3 min read Samso launches Samso Insights for a bold investment journey Experienced investors are well-acquainted with our Coffee with Samso and Samso Insights. The new Samso Insights has deeper, thorough... Feb 8, 2024 2 min read Noel Ong Celebrates Brilliant Decades in Mineral Exploration Noel Ong Celebrates Brilliant Decades in Mineral Exploration. A special feature on Noel Ong, CEO Samso in the Brilliant-Online Magazine Apr 27, 2023 2 min read A Mineral System Discovery Story with Taiton Resources Limited A Mineral System Discovery Story with Taiton Resources Limited, IPO is launched and Prospectus is live and ready for download. Oct 7, 2022 5 min read Look at the Red Seagull! Samso's compelling ASX stories are just like a Red Seagull that attracts attention, your stories will pique investor interest. Jan 19, 2022 4 min read 1 2